Methods for grinding of samples using a combination of rotational and linear motion

ABSTRACT

Disclosed herein are devices, apparatuses, and methods for grinding of samples. A method includes securing a sample vial in a holder attached to a connecting linkage, the sample vial having a grinding media in the sample vial. The method includes rotating a crank that is operatively coupled to a proximal end of the connecting linkage at a proximal pivot point so that the proximal pivot point undergoes rotational motion. The method includes restricting a distal pivot point of the connecting linkage to a linear path, the distal pivot point near a distal end of the connecting linkage. A result being that the sample vial undergoes a combination of rotational and linear motion.

CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS

This is a divisional of U.S. application Ser. No. 15/702,609 filed Sep. 12, 2017 and entitled “Methods For Grinding of Samples Using a Combination of Rotational and Linear Motion,” which is a continuation of U.S. application Ser. No. 14/257,632 filed Apr. 21, 2014 and entitled “Apparatus and Method for Grinding of Samples for Analysis,” which claims the benefit of priority to U.S. Provisional Application No. 61/816,094 filed Apr. 25, 2013 and entitled “Mechanism for Grinding of Biological Samples,” each of which is expressly incorporated by reference herein in its entirety for all purposes.

BACKGROUND Field

The present invention is directed to hand held and table top grinders and homogenizers such as those used to release proteins and nucleic acids from biological samples and those that grind geological samples for composition analysis. Samples may include, for example, seeds, soil, bones, teeth, tissues, spores, yeasts, and gram positive microbes. Certain embodiments, described below, result in more efficient and faster processing of said samples.

The most commonly used homogenizers are of the bead mill type (bead-beater), in which a biological or geological sample is added to a container such as a sample vial or tube that is preloaded with grinding media such as, but not limited to, for example, ceramic, glass or metal beads. A special buffer designed to dissolve proteins, nucleic acids, minerals and/or metals may also be added, followed by sealing of the tube typically with a screw cap. The sealed tube is then placed into the homogenizer, which mechanically agitates it in an oscillatory manner, causing the media (hard beads) within the tube to impact and break the sample. Typical rates of oscillation are in the range of 4,000 to 5,000 cycles per minute. This grinding or homogenization of the sample facilitates the extraction of proteins, nucleic acids, metals and/or minerals for use in downstream processes such as amplification, analysis of DNA and/or analysis of metal/mineral composition.

The biggest drawback with most bead mill homogenizers is that their range of oscillatory motion is not high enough to cause the beads to traverse the whole length of the sample processing chamber such as a sample vial or tube. Furthermore, if the sample tube is oriented vertically in the homogenizer, gravity tends to cause the beads to localize at the bottom of the tube during homogenization. At the same time, the biological sample, which is less dense than the beads will tend to stay closer to the top of the tube. As a result, the time to achieve complete homogenization is long, usually in the range from 5 to 60 seconds; perhaps longer if the sample is also hard (e.g. dry corn kernel, bone, etc.). Another undesired effect from this inefficient homogenization scheme is the generation of heat proportional to the length of time of homogenization due to internal friction within the tube. This heat is problematic if the desired nucleic acids are RNAs, which quickly degrade at elevated temperatures.

The previously mentioned drawbacks could be mitigated if the amplitude of oscillatory motion were to be extended to be at least equal to the length of the tube being used to process a biological sample such as that in the apparatus of the present invention. Doing so would cause the milling beads within the tube to traverse the whole length of the tube, enhancing the incidence of encounters between the beads and the sample. This more efficient design of the apparatus of the present invention in turn results in shorter homogenization times and thus, less heat generation. The preferred embodiment of the present invention has substantially improved grinding/homogenization efficiency, leading to shorter homogenization times, and less heat generation compared to those in the prior art.

Description of Related Art

There are a number of bead mill homogenizers (bead-beaters) on the market including that disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 5,567,050, entitled “Apparatus and method for rapidly oscillating specimen vessels”, which describes an apparatus and method for rapidly oscillating specimen containing vessels such as those used in an RNA recovery operation wherein small sized glass sized beads in the vessel are employed to disrupt the cell walls of an RNA component to release the RNA, includes a specimen vessel holder provided as a disc in which the containers are received. The disc is operably connected with oscillatory motion producing means that in operation oscillates the disc rapidly in an oscillatory movement up and down symmetrically of a fixed vertical axis. The disc is haltered so it cannot rotate about the fixed axis. Locking means in the form of a locking plate locks the vessels on the vessel holder and applies a clamping force thereto to prevent relative movement between the vessels and the holder to prevent generation of heat that could be of deleterious effect to the specimen material or the vessels holding same.

Another example of a bead beater is described in U.S. Patent Application Publication No. 2012/0263010, entitled “Device for the Quick Vibration of Tubes Containing, In Particular, Biological Samples” which discloses an appliance for rapidly vibrating test tubes containing samples to be ground up, the appliance comprising an electric motor for driving rotation of a disk that is provided with an eccentric pin, the appliance being characterized in that the test tubes are perpendicular to the eccentric pin and are held by a clamp mounted on a support that is substantially parallel to the eccentric pin, being connected to a fixed baseplate via a Cardan type hinge having two mutually perpendicular axes of rotation (X and Y), one of which axes (Y) is substantially parallel to the eccentric pin and connects the support to the other axis (X) of the hinge that prevents the support from moving in rotation about a perpendicular axis (Z). The support is connected to the eccentric pin by a link.

Both of the above devices produce a figure 8 motion, with respective capacities of 12×2 mL and 3×2 mL sample tubes/vials, and peak to peak amplitudes of ⅝ and ¾ inch. Since the sample tubes/vials in both examples are 1.5 inches tall, this means that the sample and hard matrices do not have the opportunity to travel throughout the whole length of the sample vial and they stay mostly at the bottom of the sample vial. In contrast, the apparatus of the present invention produces an elliptical motion/path and has a peak to peak amplitude equal to the length of the sample vial (1.5 inches, for example) allowing the matrices to fully interact with the sample throughout the sample tube/vial (sample processing chamber), making it much more efficient, achieving the same results, as the devices above, in about 1/10th the time of the other bead mill/bead-beater homogenizers.

Table 1 below outlines characteristics of commonly used sample grinders and homogenizers, for example, including a preferred embodiment of the apparatus of the present invention showing the peak to peak amplitude advantage of the present invention. The peak to peak amplitude of the present invention is not limited to 1.5 inches but is shown only as an example. Peak to peak amplitude can be adjusted in the apparatus of the present invention to match the sample processing chamber (sample vial) length by varying the diameter of its crank to match the length of the sample processing chamber.

TABLE 1 Frequency Sample Range Amplitude Product Type Action throughput (cpm) (inches) Present Bead- crank-slider 1 750- 1.5 Invention Beater (combination of circular 4,400 and linear motion) Xpedition Bead- vertical linear impaction 1 3,600 0.25 Beater Tissue-Tearor Rotor- probe rotor-stator 1 5,000- n/a stator 35,000 Shredder SG3 Pressure hydraulic forcing of 1 200 n/a sample through a sieve with simultaneous rotational mechanical grinding Disruptor Genie Bead- horizontal orbital motion 12 1,000- 0.5 Beater 3,000 Bead-Bug Bead- Arc-shaped trajectory 3 2,700- 0.75 Beater (~2 inch radius) 4,000 Mini-Bead Bead- Arc-shaped trajectory 1 2,500- 0.75 beater-1 Beater (~2 inch radius) 4,800 Bullet Blender Bead- Horizontal linear 24 100- 0.125 (BBX6F) Beater impaction 1,200 TissueLyserLT Bead- Vertical linear motion 12 900- 0.75 Beater 3,000 PRECELLYS*24 Bead- Arc-shaped trajectory 24 6,500 0.315 Beater (~3 inch radius) MINILYS Bead- Arc-shaped trajectory 3 3,000, 0.63 Beater (~3 inch radius) 4,000, 5,000

SUMMARY

The present invention is an apparatus that generates a reciprocating motion for the purpose of grinding, or homogenizing (if liquid is present), biological or geological samples. A motor-driven crank is linked to a linearly-confined carriage via a connecting linkage. The linkage contains a holder for a sample tube or vial. The sample vial is preferably cylindrical or rectangular in shape. As the crank rotates, the sample vial in the holder experiences an elliptical oscillatory reciprocating motion that causes the sample and grinding media, such as, for example ceramic beads, within the sample vial to collide with each other as they traverse the length of the sample vial. The sample breaks apart as a result of the collisions with the beads. The invention allows for substantial reduction of process time down to the range of 1 to 5 seconds versus 5 to 60 seconds for bead-beaters commonly used by laboratories, using the same reciprocation rates of about 4,000 to 5,000 cycles per minute.

Compared to the above-mentioned bead-beaters, the apparatus of the present invention stands apart because it is more efficient and therefore about 1 order of magnitude shorter processing times than other bead-beaters. Its mechanism consists of a rotating crank connected to a slider via a connecting linkage (linkage). A holder for a sample vial or tube is attached to middle of the connecting linkage, which is approximately 7.3 inches long in a preferred embodiment of the present invention but can be longer or shorter depending on the desired elliptical path and the number of holders attached thereto, i.e., the apparatus of the present invention may include multiple holders. The diameter of the crank is equal to or greater than the axial length of the sample vial (if the sample vial is 1.5 inches then the crank diameter will be 1.5 inches or greater), so the crank diameter preferably corresponds to the axial length of the sample vial or tube. For example, when a 1.5 inch sample vial is inserted into the holder, it will undergo an elliptical oscillatory motion (elliptical path) with peak to peak amplitude of 1.5 inches, causing the grinding matrices and sample within the sample vial or tube to traverse the whole length of the sample vial or tube thereby maximizing cascade impaction and shearing forces. With the other previously described bead-beaters, the matrices (beads) and samples tend to stay localized at the bottoms of the sample vial or tube, strongly influenced by gravity, which tends to separate the heavy matrices from the lighter matrices into a density gradient.

Another important characteristic that gives the apparatus of the present invention an advantage over the other bead-beaters is that the sample vial or tube in the apparatus of the present invention is rigidly held at the top and bottom, making the collisions (during change of axial direction) at those extremities mostly inelastic. This means that most energy will go into cascade collisions instead of moving the tube or the tube holder. The impaction-based bead-beaters experience inelastic collisions mostly at the time of impaction. The rest of the time, the matrices and samples are colliding elastically within the tube. This makes processing with those bead-beaters much more inefficient and time-consuming.

The present invention is specifically directed to a mechanical reciprocating apparatus for grinding of samples comprising one or more sample vials or tubes of predetermined length, a grinding media in the sample vial, a holder to hold the sample vial, a connecting linkage where said holder is attached to, said connecting linkage having a distal and proximal end with pivot points at each end, a crank pivot connected to the proximal end of said connecting linkage, a slide pivot connected to the distal end of said connecting linkage, a frame top and a bottom frame wherein the various components of the apparatus are attached, a sliding carriage on a rail that is affixed to the frame top, said sliding carriage is connected to the slide pivot, a crank having a diameter equal to or greater than the length of the sample vial, said crank attached to the crank pivot; and a motor operatively connected to the crank. The connecting linkage may also accommodate multiple holders and the holders may be placed at various distances (adjustable) from the ends of the connecting linkage to optimize its elliptical path of samples in the sample vial. In addition to varying the location of the holder/tube on the connecting linkage, the length of the connecting linkage and the diameter of the crank may also be varied and optimized to achieve an optimal sample/sample vial and/or media path to allow efficient grinding of the samples. The rail of the apparatus of the present invention may alternatively be attached to the connecting linkage and the sliding carriage may be fixed to a pivot point on the frame top of the apparatus instead of the sliding carriage. Many types of commercially available sample vials may be used in the present invention including, for example, but not limited to, cryogenic tubes, multi-well plates, plastic, metal or glass vials, and other sample processing tubes/vials such as those listed in Table 2, below. Different types of motors may also be used for the present invention including, for example; electrically, pneumatically, or hydraulically driven motors. The apparatus of the present invention may be configured as a hand held device or a table top device depending on its capacity for holding multiple sample vials or tubes.

TABLE 2 Capacity Model # Description (mL) Skirt Vendor 72.693 Screw cap tube 2 no Sarstedt 72.694 Screw cap tube 2 yes Sarstedt 72.730.406 Screw cap tube 0.5 yes Sarstedt 72.730.406 Screw cap tube 1.5 yes Sarstedt 330TX Screw cap tube with 2 no Biospec extra thick walls 2007 Stainless steel tubes 2 no Biospec S6003-50 Lysis tubes prefilled with 2.0 2 yes Zymo mm diameter ceramic balls Research S6002-50 Lysis tubes prefilled with 0.5 2 yes Zymo mm diameter ceramic balls Research

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

Further objects of the present invention together with additional features contributing thereto and advantages accruing therefrom will be apparent from the following description of the preferred embodiments of the invention which are shown in the accompanying drawing figures with like reference numerals indicating like components throughout wherein:

FIG. 1 is blow-up illustration of the apparatus of the present invention showing the individual components thereof;

FIG. 2 is an isometric view of the apparatus of the present invention; and

FIGS. 3A, 3B, 3C, and 3D are a top view of the apparatus of the present invention at four different angular positions of the crank.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF SOME EMBODIMENTS

The components of the preferred embodiment of the apparatus of the present invention are shown in the blown-up illustration of FIG. 1. The individual components of the apparatus, with like reference numbers corresponding to the drawing of FIG. 1, are listed below in Table 3:

TABLE 3 Ref No. Description 10 crank 11 crank pivot 12 sliding carriage/carriage/slide 13 slide pivot 14 rail 15 rail screws 16 linkage or connecting linkage 18 holder 20 sample vial or tube 21 frame top 22 ceramic bead 26 motor 28 drive belt 30 small pulley 32 big pulley 34 spacer 36 spacer 38 big pulley shaft 40 small pulley shaft 42 frame bottom 44 threaded adapter 46 frame screws 48 adapter screws 50 crank pivot bolt 52 slide pivot bolt 54 slide pivot nut 56 top frame screw 58 slide pivot carriage screw 60 slide pivot bearing 62 crank pivot bearing 100 reference line

As illustrated in FIG. 1, a sample tube or vial (20) fits inside a holder (18). The holder (18) is attached to a connecting linkage or linkage (16). The linkage (16) sits on top of bearing pivots; the crank pivot (11) and slide pivot (13). The proximal end of the linkage (16) is attached to the crank pivot (11) via the top frame screws (56) while its distal end is attached to the slider pivot bearing (60) in the slider pivot (13) and is held in place via the slide pivot bolt (52) and slide pivot nut (54). The slide pivot (13) is connected to the sliding carriage or slide (12) via slide pivot carriage screws (58). The slide (12) sits on top of the rail (14) which is attached to the frame top (21) via slide screws (15). The crank pivot (11) is attached to the crank (10) via a crank pivot bearing (62). The crank (10) is connected to the big pulley (32) via the big pulley shaft (38). The big pulley (32) is driven or turned via a small pulley (30) through a drive belt (28). The small pulley (30) is connected to a small pulley shaft (40) which connects directly to the motor (26). The big pulley (32), big pulley shaft (38), drive belt (28) and the small pulley (30) are held in place between the frame top (21) and frame bottom (42) via frame screws (46) and spacers (34 and 36). The frame bottom (42) is attached to a threaded motor adapter (44) via adapter screws (48). The threaded motor adapter (44) allows for the attachment of the device of the present invention to the motor (26) which drives the small pulley (30) thereby moving the sample vial (20) in an elliptical path at a predetermined rate. In an alternate embodiment of the present invention, the sliding carriage (12) and rail (14) is made longer so that the holder (18) could be placed directly on the sliding carriage (12). The motion of the sample vial (20) is linear in this alternative embodiment.

With reference now to FIG. 2, there is depicted an isometric view of a fully assembled apparatus of the present invention with the sample vial (20) in vial holder (18) which is in turn mounted on the connecting linkage (16), which has a pivot point at each end for connecting it to sliding carriage (12) at the distal end and crank 10 at the proximal end as shown in FIG. 2. Slide/carriage (12) slides on rail (14), which is fixed to the frame top (21) of the apparatus as discussed above. Motor (26) is linked to crank (10) via small pulley (30), drive belt (28), and big pulley (32). As crank (10) is driven to rotate by motor (26), its rotational motion is converted to linear motion as carriage (12) slides on rail (14). Since holder (18) is placed approximately halfway between the crank (10) and carriage (12), it experiences a combination of linear and rotational motion, resulting in an elliptical trajectory of sample vial/tube (20).

The next figures, FIGS. 3A-D, show a top view of the apparatus at four angular positions of the cycle of crank (10), as it rotates in a counterclockwise direction. Also illustrated is a ceramic bead (22) that acts as pestle in grinding samples placed in the sample vial (20). Since the ceramic bead (22) has a high finite inertia, it will tend to stay in place at the level of reference line (100) while vial (20) surrounding it reciprocates in an elliptical path.

Specifically, FIG. 3A depicts the ceramic bead (22) at midway the length of the vial (20), pressed against its left wall as it travels towards the top. FIG. 3B depicts the bead (22) impacting the top end of the tube. FIG. 3C depicts the ceramic bead (22) again midway the length of the tube, pressed against the right wall as it travels towards the bottom of the tube. Finally, the ceramic bead (22) impacts the bottom of the tube in FIG. 3D.

Operation

Example 1

1. A sample to be ground or homogenized, if liquid is present, is inserted into a sample vial (20) that has preloaded hard grinding matrices [ceramic beads (22)] inside.

2. The vial (20) is sealed and inserted into the holder (18) of the device.

3. The device is turned on for a set period of time (usually 5 seconds or less, for example) at about 4,000 to 5,000 cycles per second to cause the sample to be ground or homogenized.

4. The tube is removed from the holder and unsealed to remove the ground sample for analysis.

Example 2

1. The user determines the optimal location for the holder on the connecting linkage.

2. The holder is attached onto the connecting linkage at the predetermined optimal location (distance from the crank pivot) to allow optimal grinding or homogenization of a sample.

3. A sample to be ground or homogenized, if liquid is present, is inserted into a sample vial (20) that has preloaded hard grinding matrices [ceramic beads (22)] inside.

4. The vial (20) is sealed and inserted into the holder (18) of the device.

5. The device is turned on for a set period of time (usually 5 seconds or less, for example) at about 4,000 to 5,000 cycles per second to cause the sample to be ground or homogenized.

6. The tube is removed from the holder and unsealed to remove the ground sample for analysis.

CONCLUDING STATEMENTS

All patents, provisional applications, patent applications and other publications mentioned in this specification are herein incorporated by reference.

While this invention has been described in detail with reference to certain preferred embodiments, it should be appreciated that the present invention is not limited to those precise embodiments. Rather, in view of the present disclosure, which describes the current best mode for practicing the invention, many modifications and variations would present themselves to those of skill in the art without departing from the scope and spirit of this invention. The scope of the invention is, therefore, indicated by the following claims rather than by the foregoing description. All changes, modifications, and variations coming within the meaning and range of equivalency of the claims are to be considered within their scope.

Furthermore, those skilled in the art will recognize, or be able to ascertain, using no more than routine experimentation, many equivalents to the specific embodiments of the invention described herein. Such equivalents are intended to be encompassed by the following claims. 

What is claimed is:
 1. A method of manufacturing an apparatus for grinding of samples, the method comprising: operatively coupling a proximal pivot point of a connecting linkage to a crank pivot; securing the crank pivot to a crank at a position away from the central axis of the crank, the crank configured to impart rotational motion to the crank pivot and the crank pivot configured to rotate with respect to the connecting linkage or the crank; operatively coupling a distal pivot point of the connecting linkage to a slide pivot; securing the slide pivot to a sliding carriage, the sliding carriage configured to travel in a linear path and the slide pivot configured to rotate with respect to the connecting linkage or the sliding carriage; and attaching a holder to the connecting linkage, the holder configured to hold a sample vial such that rotation of the crank causes at least a portion of the holder to undergo a combination of rotational and linear motion.
 2. The method of claim 1 wherein attaching the holder comprises attaching the holder to the connecting linkage between the proximal pivot point and the distal pivot point.
 3. The method of claim 1 wherein attaching the holder comprises attaching the holder to the connecting linkage at a location that is more distal than the distal pivot point.
 4. The method of claim 1 further comprising attaching a second holder to the connecting linkage, the second holder configured to hold a second sample vial such that rotation of the crank causes at least a portion of the second holder to undergo a combination of rotational and linear motion.
 5. The method of claim 4 wherein the second holder is attached to the connecting linkage at a location that is more distal than the distal pivot point.
 6. The method of claim 1 further comprising operatively coupling a motor to the crank.
 7. The method of claim 1 further comprising securing a sample vial in the holder, the sample vial including a grinding media in the sample vial.
 8. The method of claim 1 further comprising coupling the sliding carriage to a rail that is configured to restrict movement of the sliding carriage to the linear path.
 9. The method of claim 1 further comprising: attaching a big pulley shaft to a big pulley and the crank such that rotation of the big pulley causes the crank to rotate by way of the big pulley shaft; and operatively coupling a drive belt to the big pulley and to a motor such that the motor causes the crank to rotate by way of the drive belt, the big pulley, and the big pulley shaft.
 10. The method of claim 1 wherein the holder is configured to hold a plurality of sample vials. 